First all-sky upper limits from LIGO on the strength of periodic gravitational waves using the Hough transform

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B. Abbott¹², R. Abbott¹⁵, R. Adhikari¹², A. Ageev^20,27, J. Agresti¹², B. Allen³⁹, J. Allen¹³, R. Amin¹⁶, S. B. Anderson¹², W. G. Anderson²⁹, M. Araya¹², H. Armandula¹², M. Ashley²⁸, F. Asiri^12,*, P. Aufmuth³¹, C. Aulbert¹, S. Babak⁷, R. Balasubramanian⁷, S. Ballmer¹³, B. C. Barish¹², C. Barker¹⁴, D. Barker¹⁴, M. Barnes^12,†, B. Barr³⁵, M. A. Barton¹², K. Bayer¹³, R. Beausoleil^26,‡, K. Belczynski²³, R. Bennett^35,§, S. J. Berukoff^1,**, J. Betzwieser¹³, B. Bhawal¹², I. A. Bilenko²⁰, G. Billingsley¹², E. Black¹², K. Blackburn¹², L. Blackburn¹³, B. Bland¹⁴, B. Bochner^13,††, L. Bogue¹⁵, R. Bork¹², S. Bose⁴¹, P. R. Brady³⁹, V. B. Braginsky²⁰, J. E. Brau³⁷, D. A. Brown¹², A. Bullington²⁶, A. Bunkowski^2,31, A. Buonanno^6,‡‡, R. Burgess¹³, D. Busby¹², W. E. Butler³⁸, R. L. Byer²⁶, L. Cadonati¹³, G. Cagnoli³⁵, J. B. Camp²¹, J. Cannizzo²¹, K. Cannon³⁹, C. A. Cantley³⁵, L. Cardenas¹², K. Carter¹⁵, M. M. Casey³⁵, J. Castiglione³⁴, A. Chandler¹², J. Chapsky^12,†, P. Charlton^12,a, S. Chatterji¹², S. Chelkowski^2,31, Y. Chen¹, V. Chickarmane^16,b, D. Chin³⁶, N. Christensen⁸, D. Churches⁷, T. Cokelaer⁷, C. Colacino³³, R. Coldwell³⁴, M. Coles^15,c, D. Cook¹⁴, T. Corbitt¹³, D. Coyne¹², J. D. E. Creighton³⁹, T. D. Creighton¹², D. R. M. Crooks³⁵, P. Csatorday¹³, B. J. Cusack³, C. Cutler¹, J. Dalrymple²⁷, E. D’Ambrosio¹², K. Danzmann^31,2, G. Davies⁷, E. Daw^16,d, D. DeBra²⁶, T. Delker^34,e, V. Dergachev³⁶, S. Desai²⁸, R. DeSalvo¹², S. Dhurandhar¹¹, A. Di Credico²⁷, M. Díaz²⁹, H. Ding¹², R. W. P. Drever⁴, R. J. Dupuis¹², J. A. Edlund^12,†, P. Ehrens¹², E. J. Elliffe³⁵, T. Etzel¹², M. Evans¹², T. Evans¹⁵, S. Fairhurst³⁹, C. Fallnich³¹, D. Farnham¹², M. M. Fejer²⁶, T. Findley²⁵, M. Fine¹², L. S. Finn²⁸, K. Y. Franzen³⁴, A. Freise^2,f, R. Frey³⁷, P. Fritschel¹³, V. V. Frolov¹⁵, M. Fyffe¹⁵, K. S. Ganezer⁵, J. Garofoli¹⁴, J. A. Giaime¹⁶, A. Gillespie^12,g, K. Goda¹³, L. Goggin¹², G. González¹⁶, S. Goßler³¹, P. Grandclément^23,h, A. Grant³⁵, C. Gray¹⁴, A. M. Gretarsson^15,i, D. Grimmett¹², H. Grote², S. Grunewald¹, M. Guenther¹⁴, E. Gustafson^26,j, R. Gustafson³⁶, W. O. Hamilton¹⁶, M. Hammond¹⁵, J. Hanson¹⁵, C. Hardham²⁶, J. Harms¹⁹, G. Harry¹³, A. Hartunian¹², J. Heefner¹², Y. Hefetz¹³, G. Heinzel², I. S. Heng³¹, M. Hennessy²⁶, N. Hepler²⁸, A. Heptonstall³⁵, M. Heurs³¹, M. Hewitson², S. Hild², N. Hindman¹⁴, P. Hoang¹², J. Hough³⁵, M. Hrynevych^12,k, W. Hua²⁶, M. Ito³⁷, Y. Itoh¹, A. Ivanov¹², O. Jennrich^35,l, B. Johnson¹⁴, W. W. Johnson¹⁶, W. R. Johnston²⁹, D. I. Jones²⁸, G. Jones⁷, L. Jones¹², D. Jungwirth^12,m, V. Kalogera²³, E. Katsavounidis¹³, K. Kawabe¹⁴, S. Kawamura²², W. Kells¹², J. Kern^15,n, A. Khan¹⁵, S. Killbourn³⁵, C. J. Killow³⁵, C. Kim²³, C. King¹², P. King¹², S. Klimenko³⁴, S. Koranda³⁹, K. Kötter³¹, J. Kovalik^15,†, D. Kozak¹², B. Krishnan¹, M. Landry¹⁴, J. Langdale¹⁵, B. Lantz²⁶, R. Lawrence¹³, A. Lazzarini¹², M. Lei¹², I. Leonor³⁷, K. Libbrecht¹², A. Libson⁸, P. Lindquist¹², S. Liu¹², J. Logan^12,o, M. Lormand¹⁵, M. Lubinski¹⁴, H. Lück^31,2, M. Luna³², T. T. Lyons^12,o, B. Machenschalk¹, M. MacInnis¹³, M. Mageswaran¹², K. Mailand¹², W. Majid^12,†, M. Malec^2,31, V. Mandic¹², F. Mann¹², A. Marin^13,p, S. Márka^9,q, E. Maros¹², J. Mason^12,r, K. Mason¹³, O. Matherny¹⁴, L. Matone⁹, N. Mavalvala¹³, R. McCarthy¹⁴, D. E. McClelland³, M. McHugh¹⁸, J. W. C. McNabb²⁸, A. Melissinos³⁸, G. Mendell¹⁴, R. A. Mercer³³, S. Meshkov¹², E. Messaritaki³⁹, C. Messenger³³, E. Mikhailov¹³, S. Mitra¹¹, V. P. Mitrofanov²⁰, G. Mitselmakher³⁴, R. Mittleman¹³, O. Miyakawa¹², S. Miyoki^12,s, S. Mohanty²⁹, G. Moreno¹⁴, K. Mossavi², G. Mueller³⁴, S. Mukherjee²⁹, P. Murray³⁵, E. Myers⁴⁰, J. Myers¹⁴, S. Nagano², T. Nash¹², R. Nayak¹¹, G. Newton³⁵, F. Nocera¹², J. S. Noel⁴¹, P. Nutzman²³, T. Olson²⁴, B. O’Reilly¹⁵, D. J. Ottaway¹³, A. Ottewill^39,t, D. Ouimette^12,m, H. Overmier¹⁵, B. J. Owen²⁸, Y. Pan⁶, M. A. Papa¹, V. Parameshwaraiah¹⁴, A. Parameswaran², C. Parameswariah¹⁵, M. Pedraza¹², S. Penn¹⁰, M. Pitkin³⁵, M. Plissi³⁵, R. Prix¹, V. Quetschke³⁴, F. Raab¹⁴, H. Radkins¹⁴, R. Rahkola³⁷, M. Rakhmanov³⁴, S. R. Rao¹², K. Rawlins¹³, S. Ray-Majumder³⁹, V. Re³³, D. Redding^12,†, M. W. Regehr^12,†, T. Regimbau⁷, S. Reid³⁵, K. T. Reilly¹², K. Reithmaier¹², D. H. Reitze³⁴, S. Richman^13,u, R. Riesen¹⁵, K. Riles³⁶, B. Rivera¹⁴, A. Rizzi^15,v, D. I. Robertson³⁵, N. A. Robertson^26,35, C. Robinson⁷, L. Robison¹², S. Roddy¹⁵, A. Rodriguez¹⁶, J. Rollins⁹, J. D. Romano⁷, J. Romie¹², H. Rong^34,g, D. Rose¹², E. Rotthoff²⁸, S. Rowan³⁵, A. Rüdiger², L. Ruet¹³, P. Russell¹², K. Ryan¹⁴, I. Salzman¹², V. Sandberg¹⁴, G. H. Sanders^12,w, V. Sannibale¹², P. Sarin¹³, B. Sathyaprakash⁷, P. R. Saulson²⁷, R. Savage¹⁴, A. Sazonov³⁴, R. Schilling², K. Schlaufman²⁸, V. Schmidt^12,x, R. Schnabel¹⁹, R. Schofield³⁷, B. F. Schutz^1,7, P. Schwinberg¹⁴, S. M. Scott³, S. E. Seader⁴¹, A. C. Searle³, B. Sears¹², S. Seel¹², F. Seifert¹⁹, D. Sellers¹⁵, A. S. Sengupta¹¹, C. A. Shapiro^28,y, P. Shawhan¹², D. H. Shoemaker¹³, Q. Z. Shu^34,z, A. Sibley¹⁵, X. Siemens³⁹, L. Sievers^12,†, D. Sigg¹⁴, A. M. Sintes^1,32, J. R. Smith², M. Smith¹³, M. R. Smith¹², P. H. Sneddon³⁵, R. Spero^12,†, O. Spjeld¹⁵, G. Stapfer¹⁵, D. Steussy⁸, K. A. Strain³⁵, D. Strom³⁷, A. Stuver²⁸, T. Summerscales²⁸, M. C. Sumner¹², M. Sung¹⁶, P. J. Sutton¹², J. Sylvestre^12,, A. Takamori^12,, D. B. Tanner³⁴, H. Tariq¹², I. Taylor⁷, R. Taylor³⁵, R. Taylor¹², K. A. Thorne²⁸, K. S. Thorne⁶, M. Tibbits²⁸, S. Tilav^12,, M. Tinto^4,†, K. V. Tokmakov²⁰, C. Torres²⁹, C. Torrie¹², G. Traylor¹⁵, W. Tyler¹², D. Ugolini³⁰, C. Ungarelli³³, M. Vallisneri^6,, M. van Putten¹³, S. Vass¹², A. Vecchio³³, J. Veitch³⁵, C. Vorvick¹⁴, S. P. Vyachanin²⁰, L. Wallace¹², H. Walther¹⁹, H. Ward³⁵, R. Ward¹², B. Ware^12,†, K. Watts¹⁵, D. Webber¹², A. Weidner^19,2, U. Weiland³¹, A. Weinstein¹², R. Weiss¹³, H. Welling³¹, L. Wen¹, S. Wen¹⁶, K. Wette³, J. T. Whelan¹⁸, S. E. Whitcomb¹², B. F. Whiting³⁴, S. Wiley⁵, C. Wilkinson¹⁴, P. A. Willems¹², P. R. Williams^1,, R. Williams⁴, B. Willke^31,2, A. Wilson¹², B. J. Winjum^28,**, W. Winkler², S. Wise³⁴, A. G. Wiseman³⁹, G. Woan³⁵, D. Woods³⁹, R. Wooley¹⁵, J. Worden¹⁴, W. Wu³⁴, I. Yakushin¹⁵, H. Yamamoto¹², S. Yoshida²⁵, K. D. Zaleski²⁸, M. Zanolin¹³, I. Zawischa^31,, L. Zhang¹², R. Zhu¹, N. Zotov¹⁷, M. Zucker¹⁵, and J. Zweizig¹² (LIGO Scientific Collaboration)
¹Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Golm, Germany
²Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
³Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, Australia
⁴California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
⁵California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, California 90747, USA
⁶Caltech-CaRT, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
⁷Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF2 3YB, United Kingdom
⁸Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, USA
⁹Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
¹⁰Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, USA
¹¹Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune–411007, India
¹²LIGO—California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
¹³LIGO—Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
¹⁴LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
¹⁵LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
¹⁶Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
¹⁷Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, USA
¹⁸Loyola University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
¹⁹Max Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748, Garching, Germany
²⁰Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
²¹NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
²²National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²³Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
²⁴Salish Kootenai College, Pablo, Montana 59855, USA
²⁵Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402, USA
²⁶Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
²⁷Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
²⁸The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
²⁹The University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
³⁰Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, USA
³¹Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
³²Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
³³University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
³⁴University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
³⁵University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
³⁶University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
³⁷University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
³⁸University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
³⁹University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
⁴⁰Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York 12604, USA
⁴¹Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA

^*Present address: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.

^†Present address: Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

^‡Permanent address: HP Laboratories.

^§Present address: Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.

^**Present address: University of California, Los Angeles.

^††Present address: Hofstra University.

^‡‡Permanent address: GReCO, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris (CNRS).

^aPresent address: Charles Sturt University, Australia.

^bPresent address: Keck Graduate Institute.

^cPresent address: National Science Foundation.

^dPresent address: University of Sheffield.

^ePresent address: Ball Aerospace Corporation.

^fPresent address: European Gravitational Observatory.

^gPresent address: Intel Corp..

^hPresent address: University of Tours, France.

ⁱPresent address: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.

^jPresent address: Lightconnect Inc..

^kPresent address: W.M. Keck Observatory.

^lPresent address: ESA Science and Technology Center.

^mPresent address: Raytheon Corporation.

ⁿPresent address: New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology/Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer.

^oPresent address: Mission Research Corporation.

^pPresent address: Harvard University.

^qPermanent address: Columbia University.

^rPresent address: Lockheed-Martin Corporation.

^sPermanent address: University of Tokyo, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research.

^tPermanent address: University College Dublin.

^uPresent address: Research Electro-Optics Inc..

^vPresent address: Institute of Advanced Physics, Baton Rouge, LA.

^wPresent address: Thirty Meter Telescope Project at Caltech.

^xPresent address: European Commission, DG Research, Brussels, Belgium.

^yPresent address: University of Chicago.

^zPresent address: LightBit Corporation.

Permanent address: IBM Canada Ltd..

Present address: The University of Tokyo.

Present address: University of Delaware.

Permanent address: Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Present address: Shanghai Astronomical Observatory.

Present address: Laser Zentrum Hannover.

Electronic address: http://www.ligo.org.