Phys. Rev. D
72,
122004
(2005)
[16 pages]
Upper limits from the LIGO and TAMA detectors on the rate of gravitational-wave bursts
B. Abbott et al. LIGO Scientific Collaboration, TAMA Collaboration
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B. Abbott1, R. Abbott1, R. Adhikari1, A. Ageev2,3, J. Agresti1, P. Ajith4, B. Allen5, J. Allen6, R. Amin7, S. B. Anderson1, W. G. Anderson8, M. Araya1, H. Armandula1, M. Ashley9, F. Asiri1,*, P. Aufmuth10, C. Aulbert11, S. Babak12, R. Balasubramanian12, S. Ballmer6, B. C. Barish1, C. Barker13, D. Barker13, M. Barnes1,†, B. Barr14, M. A. Barton1, K. Bayer6, R. Beausoleil15,‡, K. Belczynski16, R. Bennett14,§, S. J. Berukoff11,**, J. Betzwieser6, B. Bhawal1, I. A. Bilenko2, G. Billingsley1, E. Black1, K. Blackburn1, L. Blackburn6, B. Bland13, B. Bochner6,††, L. Bogue17, R. Bork1, S. Bose18, P. R. Brady5, V. B. Braginsky2, J. E. Brau19, D. A. Brown1, A. Bullington15, A. Bunkowski4,10, A. Buonanno20, R. Burgess6, D. Busby1, W. E. Butler21, R. L. Byer15, L. Cadonati6, G. Cagnoli14, J. B. Camp22, J. Cannizzo22, K. Cannon5, C. A. Cantley14, J. Cao6, L. Cardenas1, K. Carter17, M. M. Casey14, J. Castiglione23, A. Chandler1, J. Chapsky1,†, P. Charlton1,‡‡, S. Chatterji1, S. Chelkowski4,10, Y. Chen11, V. Chickarmane7,a, D. Chin24, N. Christensen25, D. Churches12, T. Cokelaer12, C. Colacino26, R. Coldwell23, M. Coles17,b, D. Cook13, T. Corbitt6, D. Coyne1, J. D. E. Creighton5, T. D. Creighton1, D. R. M. Crooks14, P. Csatorday6, B. J. Cusack27, C. Cutler11, J. Dalrymple3, E. D’Ambrosio1, K. Danzmann4,10, G. Davies12, E. Daw7,c, D. DeBra15, T. Delker23,d, V. Dergachev24, S. Desai9, R. DeSalvo1, S. Dhurandhar28, A. Di Credico3, M. Díaz8, H. Ding1, R. W. P. Drever29, R. J. Dupuis1, J. A. Edlund1,†, P. Ehrens1, E. J. Elliffe14, T. Etzel1, M. Evans1, T. Evans17, S. Fairhurst5, C. Fallnich10, D. Farnham1, M. M. Fejer15, T. Findley30, M. Fine1, L. S. Finn9, K. Y. Franzen23, A. Freise4,e, R. Frey19, P. Fritschel6, V. V. Frolov17, M. Fyffe17, K. S. Ganezer31, J. Garofoli13, J. A. Giaime7, A. Gillespie1,f, K. Goda6, L. Goggin1, G. González7, S. Goßler10, P. Grandclément16,g, A. Grant14, C. Gray13, A. M. Gretarsson32, D. Grimmett1, H. Grote4, S. Grunewald11, M. Guenther13, E. Gustafson15,h, R. Gustafson24, W. O. Hamilton7, M. Hammond17, C. Hanna7, J. Hanson17, C. Hardham15, J. Harms33, G. Harry6, A. Hartunian1, J. Heefner1, Y. Hefetz6, G. Heinzel4, I. S. Heng10, M. Hennessy15, N. Hepler9, A. Heptonstall14, M. Heurs10, M. Hewitson4, S. Hild4, N. Hindman13, P. Hoang1, J. Hough14, M. Hrynevych1,i, W. Hua15, M. Ito19, Y. Itoh11, A. Ivanov1, O. Jennrich14,j, B. Johnson13, W. W. Johnson7, W. R. Johnston8, D. I. Jones9, G. Jones12, L. Jones1, D. Jungwirth1,k, V. Kalogera16, E. Katsavounidis6, K. Kawabe13, W. Kells1, J. Kern17,l, A. Khan17, S. Killbourn14, C. J. Killow14, C. Kim16, C. King1, P. King1, S. Klimenko23, S. Koranda5, K. Kötter10, J. Kovalik17,†, D. Kozak1, B. Krishnan11, M. Landry13, J. Langdale17, B. Lantz15, R. Lawrence6, A. Lazzarini1, M. Lei1, I. Leonor19, K. Libbrecht1, A. Libson25, P. Lindquist1, S. Liu1, J. Logan1,m, M. Lormand17, M. Lubinski13, H. Lück4,10, M. Luna34, T. T. Lyons1,m, B. Machenschalk11, M. MacInnis6, M. Mageswaran1, K. Mailand1, W. Majid1,†, M. Malec4,10, V. Mandic1, F. Mann1, A. Marin6,n, S. Márka35, E. Maros1, J. Mason1,o, K. Mason6, O. Matherny13, L. Matone35, N. Mavalvala6, R. McCarthy13, D. E. McClelland27, M. McHugh36, J. W. C. McNabb9, A. Melissinos21, G. Mendell13, R. A. Mercer26, S. Meshkov1, E. Messaritaki5, C. Messenger26, E. Mikhailov6, S. Mitra28, V. P. Mitrofanov2, G. Mitselmakher23, R. Mittleman6, O. Miyakawa1, S. Mohanty8, G. Moreno13, K. Mossavi4, G. Mueller23, S. Mukherjee8, P. Murray14, E. Myers37, J. Myers13, S. Nagano4, T. Nash1, R. Nayak28, G. Newton14, F. Nocera1, J. S. Noel18, P. Nutzman16, T. Olson38, B. O’Reilly17, D. J. Ottaway6, A. Ottewill5,p, D. Ouimette1,k, H. Overmier17, B. J. Owen9, Y. Pan39, M. A. Papa11, V. Parameshwaraiah13, C. Parameswariah17, M. Pedraza1, S. Penn40, M. Pitkin14, M. Plissi14, R. Prix11, V. Quetschke23, F. Raab13, H. Radkins13, R. Rahkola11, M. Rakhmanov23, S. R. Rao1, K. Rawlins6,q, S. Ray-Majumder5, V. Re26, D. Redding1,†, M. W. Regehr1,†, T. Regimbau12, S. Reid14, K. T. Reilly1, K. Reithmaier1, D. H. Reitze23, S. Richman6,r, R. Riesen17, K. Riles24, B. Rivera13, A. Rizzi17,s, D. I. Robertson14, N. A. Robertson14,15, C. Robinson12, L. Robison1, S. Roddy17, A. Rodriguez7, J. Rollins35, J. D. Romano12, J. Romie1, H. Rong23,f, D. Rose1, E. Rotthoff9, S. Rowan14, A. Rüdiger4, L. Ruet6, P. Russell1, K. Ryan13, I. Salzman1, V. Sandberg13, G. H. Sanders1,t, V. Sannibale1, P. Sarin6, B. Sathyaprakash12, P. R. Saulson23, R. Savage13, A. Sazonov23, R. Schilling4, K. Schlaufman9, V. Schmidt1,u, R. Schnabel33, R. Schofield19, B. F. Schutz11,12, P. Schwinberg13, S. M. Scott27, S. E. Seader18, A. C. Searle27, B. Sears1, S. Seel1, F. Seifert33, D. Sellers17, A. S. Sengupta28, C. A. Shapiro9,v, P. Shawhan1, D. H. Shoemaker6, Q. Z. Shu23,w, A. Sibley17, X. Siemens5, L. Sievers1,†, D. Sigg13, A. M. Sintes11,34, J. R. Smith4, M. Smith6, M. R. Smith1, P. H. Sneddon14, R. Spero1,†, O. Spjeld17, G. Stapfer17, D. Steussy25, K. A. Strain14, D. Strom19, A. Stuver9, T. Summerscales9, M. C. Sumner1, M. Sung7, P. J. Sutton1, J. Sylvestre1,x, D. B. Tanner23, H. Tariq1, M. Tarallo1, I. Taylor12, R. Taylor14, R. Taylor1, K. A. Thorne9, K. S. Thorne39, M. Tibbits9, S. Tilav1,y, M. Tinto29,†, K. V. Tokmakov2, C. Torres8, C. Torrie1, G. Traylor17, W. Tyler1, D. Ugolini41, C. Ungarelli26, M. Vallisneri39,z, M. van Putten6, S. Vass1, A. Vecchio26, J. Veitch14, C. Vorvick13, S. P. Vyachanin2, L. Wallace1, H. Walther33, H. Ward14, R. Ward1, B. Ware1,†, K. Watts17, D. Webber1, A. Weidner33,4, U. Weiland10, A. Weinstein1, R. Weiss6, H. Welling10, L. Wen11, S. Wen7, K. Wette27, J. T. Whelan36, S. E. Whitcomb1, B. F. Whiting23, S. Wiley31, C. Wilkinson13, P. A. Willems1, P. R. Williams11,, R. Williams29, B. Willke4,10, A. Wilson1, B. J. Winjum9,**, W. Winkler4, S. Wise23, A. G. Wiseman5, G. Woan14, D. Woods5, R. Wooley17, J. Worden13, W. Wu23, I. Yakushin17, H. Yamamoto1, S. Yoshida30, K. D. Zaleski9, M. Zanolin6, I. Zawischa10,, L. Zhang1, R. Zhu11, N. Zotov42, M. Zucker17, and J. Zweizig1 (LIGO Scientific Collaboration)
1LIGO–California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
2Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
3Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
4Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
5University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
6LIGO–Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
7Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
8The University of Texas at Brownsville, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA and Texas Southmost College, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
9The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
10Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
11Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Golm, Germany
12Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF2 3YB, United Kingdom
13LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
14University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
15Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
16Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
17LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
18Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
19University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
20University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
21University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
22NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
23University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
24University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
25Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, USA
26University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
27Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, Australia
28Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune - 411007, India
29California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
30Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402, USA
31California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, California 90747, USA
32Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, Arizona 86301 USA
33Max Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748, Garching, Germany
34Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
35Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
36Loyola University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
37Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York 12604, USA
38Salish Kootenai College, Pablo, Montana 59855, USA
39Caltech-CaRT, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
40Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, USA
41Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, USA
42Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, USA
T. Akutsu43, T. Akutsu44, M. Ando45, K. Arai46, A. Araya47, H. Asada48, Y. Aso45, P. Beyersdorf46, Y. Fujiki49, M.-K. Fujimoto46, R. Fujita50, M. Fukushima46, T. Futamase51, Y. Hamuro49, T. Haruyama52, K. Hayama46, H. Iguchi53, Y. Iida45, K. Ioka57, H. Ishizuka43, N. Kamikubota52, N. Kanda54, T. Kaneyama49, Y. Karasawa51, K. Kasahara43, T. Kasai48, M. Katsuki54, S. Kawamura46, M. Kawamura49, F. Kawazoe55, Y. Kojima56, K. Kokeyama55, K. Kondo43, Y. Kozai46, H. Kudoh45, K. Kuroda43, T. Kuwabara49, N. Matsuda58, N. Mio59, K. Miura60, S. Miyama46, S. Miyoki43, H. Mizusawa49, S. Moriwaki59, M. Musha61, Y. Nagayama54, K. Nakagawa61, T. Nakamura57, H. Nakano54, K. Nakao54, Y. Nishi45, K. Numata45, Y. Ogawa52, M. Ohashi43, N. Ohishi46, A. Okutomi43, K. Oohara49, S. Otsuka45, Y. Saito52, S. Sakata55, M. Sasaki66, N. Sato52, S. Sato46, Y. Sato61, K. Sato62, A. Sekido63, N. Seto50, M. Shibata64, H. Shinkai65, T. Shintomi52, K. Soida45, K. Somiya59, T. Suzuki52, H. Tagoshi50, H. Takahashi49, R. Takahashi46, A. Takamori47, S. Takemoto57, K. Takeno59, T. Tanaka66, K. Taniguchi69, T. Tanji59, D. Tatsumi46, S. Telada68, M. Tokunari43, T. Tomaru52, K. Tsubono45, N. Tsuda62, Y. Tsunesada46, T. Uchiyama43, K. Ueda61, A. Ueda46, K. Waseda46, A. Yamamoto52, K. Yamamoto43, T. Yamazaki46, Y. Yanagi55, J. Yokoyama67, T. Yoshida51, and Z.-H. Zhu46 (TAMA Collaboration)
43Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
44Department of Astronomy, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
45Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
46National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
47Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
48Faculty of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
49Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2102, Japan
50Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
51Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
52High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
53Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
54Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
55Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
56Department of Physics, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
57Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
58Tokyo Denki University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8457, Japan
59Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
60Department of Physics, Miyagi University of Education, Aoba Aramaki, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
61Institute for Laser Science, University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
62Precision Engineering Division, Faculty of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
63Waseda University, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
64Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
65RIKEN, Wako, Saitaka 351-0198, Japan
66Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
67Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
68National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
69Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Received 8 August 2005; published 29 December 2005
We report on the first joint search for gravitational waves by the TAMA and LIGO collaborations. We looked for millisecond-duration unmodeled gravitational-wave bursts in 473 hr of coincident data collected during early 2003. No candidate signals were found. We set an upper limit of 0.12 events per day on the rate of detectable gravitational-wave bursts, at 90% confidence level. From software simulations, we estimate that our detector network was sensitive to bursts with root-sum-square strain amplitude above approximately 1–3×10-19 Hz-1/2 in the frequency band 700-2000 Hz. We describe the details of this collaborative search, with particular emphasis on its advantages and disadvantages compared to searches by LIGO and TAMA separately using the same data. Benefits include a lower background and longer observation time, at some cost in sensitivity and bandwidth. We also demonstrate techniques for performing coincidence searches with a heterogeneous network of detectors with different noise spectra and orientations. These techniques include using coordinated software signal injections to estimate the network sensitivity, and tuning the analysis to maximize the sensitivity and the livetime, subject to constraints on the background.
© 2005 The American Physical Society
URL:
http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.72.122004
DOI:
10.1103/PhysRevD.72.122004
PACS:
04.80.Nn, 07.05.Kf, 95.30.Sf, 95.85.Sz
*Currently at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center †Currently at Jet Propulsion Laboratory. ‡Permanent address: HP Laboratories. §Currently at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. **Currently at University of CA, Los Angeles. ††Currently at Hofstra University. ‡‡Currently at Charles Sturt University, Australia. aCurrently at Keck Graduate Institute. bCurrently at National Science Foundation. cCurrently at University of Sheffield. dCurrently at Ball Aerospace Corporation. eCurrently at European Gravitational Observatory. fCurrently at Intel Corp. gCurrently at University of Tours, France. hCurrently at Lightconnect Inc. iCurrently at W.M. Keck Observatory. jCurrently at ESA Science and Technology Center. kCurrently at Raytheon Corporation. lCurrently at NM Institute of Mining and Technology / Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer. mCurrently at Mission Research Corporation. nCurrently at Harvard University. oCurrently at Lockheed-Martin Corporation. pPermanent address: University College Dublin. qCurrently at University of AK Anchorage. rCurrently at Research Electro-Optics Inc. sCurrently at Institute of Advanced Physics, Baton Rouge, LA. tCurrently at Thirty Meter Telescope Project at Caltech. uCurrently at European Commission, DG Research, Brussels, Belgium. vCurrently at University of Chicago. wCurrently at LightBit Corporation. xPermanent address: IBM Canada Ltd. yCurrently at University of DE. zPermanent address: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Currently at Shanghai Astronomical Observatory. Currently at Laser Zentrum Hannover. Electronic address: http://www.ligo.org
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