Phys. Rev. D
76,
082003
(2007)
[11 pages]
Upper limit map of a background of gravitational waves
B. Abbott et al. LIGO Scientific Collaboration
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B. Abbott14, R. Abbott14, R. Adhikari14, J. Agresti14, P. Ajith2, B. Allen2,51, R. Amin18, S. B. Anderson14, W. G. Anderson51, M. Arain39, M. Araya14, H. Armandula14, M. Ashley4, S. Aston38, P. Aufmuth36, C. Aulbert1, S. Babak1, S. Ballmer14, H. Bantilan8, B. C. Barish14, C. Barker15, D. Barker15, B. Barr40, P. Barriga50, M. A. Barton40, K. Bayer17, K. Belczynski24, J. Betzwieser17, P. T. Beyersdorf27, B. Bhawal14, I. A. Bilenko21, G. Billingsley14, R. Biswas51, E. Black14, K. Blackburn14, L. Blackburn17, D. Blair50, B. Bland15, J. Bogenstahl40, L. Bogue16, R. Bork14, V. Boschi14, S. Bose52, P. R. Brady51, V. B. Braginsky21, J. E. Brau43, M. Brinkmann2, A. Brooks37, D. A. Brown14,6, A. Bullington30, A. Bunkowski2, A. Buonanno41, O. Burmeister2, D. Busby14, R. L. Byer30, L. Cadonati17, G. Cagnoli40, J. B. Camp22, J. Cannizzo22, K. Cannon51, C. A. Cantley40, J. Cao17, L. Cardenas14, M. M. Casey40, G. Castaldi46, C. Cepeda14, E. Chalkey40, P. Charlton9, S. Chatterji14, S. Chelkowski2, Y. Chen1, F. Chiadini45, D. Chin42, E. Chin50, J. Chow4, N. Christensen8, J. Clark40, P. Cochrane2, T. Cokelaer7, C. N. Colacino38, R. Coldwell39, R. Conte45, D. Cook15, T. Corbitt17, D. Coward50, D. Coyne14, J. D. E. Creighton51, T. D. Creighton14, R. P. Croce46, D. R. M. Crooks40, A. M. Cruise38, A. Cumming40, J. Dalrymple31, E. D’Ambrosio14, K. Danzmann36,2, G. Davies7, D. DeBra30, J. Degallaix50, M. Degree30, T. Demma46, V. Dergachev42, S. Desai32, R. DeSalvo14, S. Dhurandhar13, M. Díaz33, J. Dickson4, A. Di Credico31, G. Diederichs36, A. Dietz7, E. E. Doomes29, R. W. P. Drever5, J.-C. Dumas50, R. J. Dupuis14, J. G. Dwyer10, P. Ehrens14, E. Espinoza14, T. Etzel14, M. Evans14, T. Evans16, S. Fairhurst7,14, Y. Fan50, D. Fazi14, M. M. Fejer30, L. S. Finn32, V. Fiumara45, N. Fotopoulos51, A. Franzen36, K. Y. Franzen39, A. Freise38, R. Frey43, T. Fricke44, P. Fritschel17, V. V. Frolov16, M. Fyffe16, V. Galdi46, J. Garofoli15, I. Gholami1, J. A. Giaime16,18, S. Giampanis44, K. D. Giardina16, K. Goda17, E. Goetz42, L. M. Goggin14, G. González18, S. Gossler4, A. Grant40, S. Gras50, C. Gray15, M. Gray4, J. Greenhalgh26, A. M. Gretarsson11, R. Grosso33, H. Grote2, S. Grunewald1, M. Guenther15, R. Gustafson42, B. Hage36, D. Hammer51, C. Hanna18, J. Hanson16, J. Harms2, G. Harry17, E. Harstad43, T. Hayler26, J. Heefner14, I. S. Heng40, A. Heptonstall40, M. Heurs2, M. Hewitson2, S. Hild36, E. Hirose31, D. Hoak16, D. Hosken37, J. Hough40, E. Howell50, D. Hoyland38, S. H. Huttner40, D. Ingram15, E. Innerhofer17, M. Ito43, Y. Itoh51, A. Ivanov14, D. Jackrel30, B. Johnson15, W. W. Johnson18, D. I. Jones47, G. Jones7, R. Jones40, L. Ju50, P. Kalmus10, V. Kalogera24, D. Kasprzyk38, E. Katsavounidis17, K. Kawabe15, S. Kawamura23, F. Kawazoe23, W. Kells14, D. G. Keppel14, F. Ya. Khalili21, C. Kim24, P. King14, J. S. Kissel18, S. Klimenko39, K. Kokeyama23, V. Kondrashov14, R. K. Kopparapu18, D. Kozak14, B. Krishnan1, P. Kwee36, P. K. Lam4, M. Landry15, B. Lantz30, A. Lazzarini14, B. Lee50, M. Lei14, J. Leiner52, V. Leonhardt23, I. Leonor43, K. Libbrecht14, P. Lindquist14, N. A. Lockerbie48, M. Longo45, M. Lormand16, M. Lubinski15, H. Lück2,36, B. Machenschalk1, M. MacInnis17, M. Mageswaran14, K. Mailand14, M. Malec36, V. Mandic14, S. Marano45, S. Márka10, J. Markowitz17, E. Maros14, I. Martin40, J. N. Marx14, K. Mason17, L. Matone10, V. Matta45, N. Mavalvala17, R. McCarthy15, D. E. McClelland4, S. C. McGuire29, M. McHugh20, K. McKenzie4, J. W. C. McNabb32, S. McWilliams22, T. Meier36, A. Melissinos44, G. Mendell15, R. A. Mercer39, S. Meshkov14, E. Messaritaki14, C. J. Messenger40, D. Meyers14, E. Mikhailov17, S. Mitra13, V. P. Mitrofanov21, G. Mitselmakher39, R. Mittleman17, O. Miyakawa14, S. Mohanty33, G. Moreno15, K. Mossavi2, C. MowLowry4, A. Moylan4, D. Mudge37, G. Mueller39, S. Mukherjee33, H. Müller-Ebhardt2, J. Munch37, P. Murray40, E. Myers15, J. Myers15, G. Newton40, A. Nishizawa23, K. Numata22, B. O’Reilly16, R. O’Shaughnessy24, D. J. Ottaway17, H. Overmier16, B. J. Owen32, Y. Pan41, M. A. Papa1,51, V. Parameshwaraiah15, P. Patel14, M. Pedraza14, S. Penn12, V. Pierro46, I. M. Pinto46, M. Pitkin40, H. Pletsch2, M. V. Plissi40, F. Postiglione45, R. Prix1, V. Quetschke39, F. Raab15, D. Rabeling4, H. Radkins15, R. Rahkola43, N. Rainer2, M. Rakhmanov32, K. Rawlins17, S. Ray-Majumder51, V. Re38, H. Rehbein2, S. Reid40, D. H. Reitze39, L. Ribichini2, R. Riesen16, K. Riles42, B. Rivera15, N. A. Robertson14,40, C. Robinson7, E. L. Robinson38, S. Roddy16, A. Rodriguez18, A. M. Rogan52, J. Rollins10, J. D. Romano7, J. Romie16, R. Route30, S. Rowan40, A. Rüdiger2, L. Ruet17, P. Russell14, K. Ryan15, S. Sakata23, M. Samidi14, L. Sancho de la Jordana35, V. Sandberg15, V. Sannibale14, S. Saraf25, P. Sarin17, B. S. Sathyaprakash7, S. Sato23, P. R. Saulson31, R. Savage15, P. Savov6, S. Schediwy50, R. Schilling2, R. Schnabel2, R. Schofield43, B. F. Schutz1,7, P. Schwinberg15, S. M. Scott4, A. C. Searle4, B. Sears14, F. Seifert2, D. Sellers16, A. S. Sengupta7, P. Shawhan41, D. H. Shoemaker17, A. Sibley16, J. A. Sidles49, X. Siemens6,14, D. Sigg15, S. Sinha30, A. M. Sintes1,35, B. J. J. Slagmolen4, J. Slutsky18, J. R. Smith2, M. R. Smith14, K. Somiya2,1, K. A. Strain40, D. M. Strom43, A. Stuver32, T. Z. Summerscales3, K.-X. Sun30, M. Sung18, P. J. Sutton14, H. Takahashi1, D. B. Tanner39, M. Tarallo14, R. Taylor14, R. Taylor40, J. Thacker16, K. A. Thorne32, K. S. Thorne6, A. Thüring36, K. V. Tokmakov40, C. Torres33, C. Torrie40, G. Traylor16, M. Trias35, W. Tyler14, D. Ugolini34, C. Ungarelli38, K. Urbanek30, H. Vahlbruch36, M. Vallisneri6, C. Van Den Broeck7, M. Varvella14, S. Vass14, A. Vecchio38, J. Veitch40, P. Veitch37, A. Villar14, C. Vorvick15, S. P. Vyachanin21, S. J. Waldman14, L. Wallace14, H. Ward40, R. Ward14, K. Watts16, D. Webber14, A. Weidner2, M. Weinert2, A. Weinstein14, R. Weiss17, S. Wen18, K. Wette4, J. T. Whelan1, D. M. Whitbeck32, S. E. Whitcomb14, B. F. Whiting39, C. Wilkinson15, P. A. Willems14, L. Williams39, B. Willke2,36, I. Wilmut26, W. Winkler2, C. C. Wipf17, S. Wise39, A. G. Wiseman51, G. Woan40, D. Woods51, R. Wooley16, J. Worden15, W. Wu39, I. Yakushin16, H. Yamamoto14, Z. Yan50, S. Yoshida28, N. Yunes32, M. Zanolin17, J. Zhang42, L. Zhang14, C. Zhao50, N. Zotov19, M. Zucker17, H. zur Mühlen36, and J. Zweizig14 (LIGO Scientific Collaboration)
1Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institutfür Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Golm, Germany
2Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institutfür Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
3Andrews University, Berrien Springs,Michigan 49104 USA
4Australian National University,Canberra, 0200, Australia
5California Institute of Technology,Pasadena, California 91125, USA
6Caltech-CaRT, Pasadena, California91125, USA
7Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF23YB, United Kingdom
8Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota55057, USA
9Charles Sturt University, WaggaWagga, NSW 2678, Australia
10Columbia University, New York,New York 10027, USA
11Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University,Prescott, Arizona 86301 USA
12Hobart and William Smith Colleges,Geneva, New York 14456, USA
13Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics,Pune - 411007, India
14LIGO–California Institute of Technology,Pasadena, California 91125, USA
15LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland,Washington 99352, USA
16LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston,Louisiana 70754, USA
17LIGO–Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
18Louisiana State University, BatonRouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
19Louisiana Tech University, Ruston,Louisiana 71272, USA
20Loyola University, New Orleans,Louisiana 70118, USA
21Moscow State University, Moscow,119992, Russia
22NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center,Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
23National Astronomical Observatory of Japan,Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
24Northwestern University, Evanston,Illinois 60208, USA
25Rochester Institute of Technology,Rochester, New York 14623, USA
26Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX United Kingdom
27San Jose State University, SanJose, California 95192, USA
28Southeastern Louisiana University,Hammond, Louisiana 70402, USA
29Southern University and A&MCollege, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
30Stanford University, Stanford,California 94305, USA
31Syracuse University, Syracuse,New York 13244, USA
32The Pennsylvania State University,University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
33The University of Texas at Brownsville and TexasSouthmost College, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
34Trinity University, San Antonio,Texas 78212, USA
35Universitat de les Illes Balears,E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
36Universität Hannover, D-30167Hannover, Germany
37University of Adelaide, Adelaide,SA 5005, Australia
38University of Birmingham, Birmingham,B15 2TT, United Kingdom
39University of Florida, Gainesville,Florida 32611, USA
40University of Glasgow, Glasgow,G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
41University of Maryland, CollegePark, Maryland 20742 USA
42University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,Michigan 48109, USA
43University of Oregon, Eugene,Oregon 97403, USA
44University of Rochester, Rochester,New York 14627, USA
45University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano(Salerno), Italy
46University of Sannio at Benevento,I-82100 Benevento, Italy
47University of Southampton, Southampton,SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
48University of Strathclyde, Glasgow,G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
49University of Washington, Seattle,Washington, 98195, USA
50University of Western Australia,Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
51University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
52Washington State University, Pullman,Washington 99164, USA
See Also:
Publisher's Note
Received 31 January 2007; published 29 October 2007; publisher error corrected 28 February 2008
We searched for an anisotropic background of gravitational waves usingdata from the LIGO S4 science run and a method that is optimizedfor point sources. This is appropriate if, for example, the gravitationalwave background is dominated by a small number of distinct astrophysical sources.No signal was seen. Upper limit maps were produced assuming two differentpower laws for the source strain power spectrum. For an f-3 power law and using the50 Hz to 1.8 kHz band the upper limits on the sourcestrain power spectrum vary between 1.2×10-48 Hz-1 (100 Hz/f)3 and 1.2×10-47 Hz-1 (100 Hz/f)3, depending on the position in the sky. Similarly,in the case of constant strain power spectrum, the upper limits vary between 8.5×10-49 Hz-1 and 6.1×10-48 Hz-1. As a side product a limiton an isotropic background of gravitational waves was also obtained. All limitsare at the 90% confidence level. Finally, as an application, we focused onthe direction of Sco-X1, the brightest low-mass x-ray binary. We compare theupper limit on strain amplitude obtained by this method to expectations basedon the x-ray flux from Sco-X1.
© 2007 The American Physical Society
URL:
http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.76.082003
DOI:
10.1103/PhysRevD.76.082003
PACS:
04.80.Nn, 02.50.Ey, 04.30.Db, 07.05.Kf
See Also
Publisher's Note:
B. Abbott et al. LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
Publisher’s Note: Upper limit map of a background of gravitational waves [Phys. Rev. D 76, 082003 (2007)],
Phys. Rev. D 77, 069903 (2008).
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